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A landmark review of various gun policies by the RAND Corporation found only moderate evidence that checks reduce suicide and violent crime. The ambivalence of all this research may be partly due to study methodology, and partly due to shortfalls in implementation. Most criminal records were incomplete.
The past 30 years have seen violent crime reach historic highs and lows. Wintemute stressed that such volatility is almost certainly the result of multiple interacting factors like the economy and changes to the criminal justice system. That makes it hard to parse the effect of any single policy. A background check system is only as good as the records available, as was demonstrated in the Sutherland Springs , Charleston , and Virginia Tech mass shootings. In each of those cases, the gunmen were able to pass background checks despite convictions for domestic violence, a history of drug abuse, or involuntary psychiatric hospitalization, respectively.
In the Charleston case, the background check was also hampered by a provision that allows sales to go through after three business days, whether or not federal examiners have cleared the buyer. Additionally, many people just ignore the law. In a study conducted last October , Wintemute reviewed survey data that found large numbers of California gun owners disregard background check requirements nearly three decades after the policy was first implemented.
One in four gun owners said they had purchased a gun without going through a check. In another study , Wintemute, Kagawa, and others found that in three states that passed universal background check laws — Colorado, Washington and Delaware — only one saw the number of checks increase.
Logically, if gun owners complied with the law and got checked for sales that would have previously been unregulated, the number of checks should have risen substantially. Shootings themselves are only one kind of criminal activity that policy makers seek to reduce with background checks. Research by Daniel Webster of the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health suggests that universal background checks effectively constrain the illegal gun market.
Webster found in a analysis of gun trace data from the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives that universal background check laws reduced trafficking. The same goes for flows of guns between states. In a book on the effectiveness of gun policy that Webster edited in , he reviewed a wealth of economic literature that found that states with weak gun laws that allowed unregulated private sales routinely exported guns to states with stronger laws — but not the other way around.
So-called permit-to-purchase systems have shown a lot of promise. In such a system, all gun buyers must apply for a gun license from local law enforcement. Licenses are only granted to residents who clear a complete background check. Research by Webster strongly suggests that permit-to-purchase laws reduce gun deaths.
When a police officer apprehends someone with a firearm, the permit, or lack of one, provides strong indication of whether the person is a legal gun owner. The percentage of guns recovered at crime scenes within three months of their original sale nearly tripled from to The U. Congress, however, does not, and in decided not to follow the course of action supported by an overwhelming majority of American people by voting down a proposal by Senators Joe Manchin D-W.
Two factors best can answer this conundrum: the expansive influence of the National Rifle Association NRA and a deep-seated fear in a faction of the electorate of any federal regulations on guns. The NRA is one of the most powerful interest groups in American politics due to the millions it spends on campaign contributions and its cult-like role for its fervent members and voters.
Additionally, the NRA spends more money lobbying than its rivals on the other side of the issue, most notably the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence. Under current federal law, individuals do not have to obtain a background check when buying guns online or from private sellers at a gun show. Given these statistics, a universal background check seems like a solution to the issue of gun violence in the United States.
In fact, according to a Public Policy Polling survey , 83 percent of gun owners support expanded background checks on sales of all firearms, including 72 percent of all NRA members. As a result, it would seem strange that the NRA has not come out in full support of universal background checks. One explanation is that the NRA only represents about 5 million of the million Americans who own guns , which means they may have a skewed representation of gun owners.
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