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The government provided no practical solution to this situation. These grievances were expressed through strikes, demonstrations and protests on several occasions. However, this forced the unemployed citizens and workers to stage a revolution as the last resort in addressing their problems. Grievances of the middle class The grievances of the middle class conditioned them to actively participate in the revolutions of They included professionals like journalists, lawyers, teachers, doctors, engineers etc who were discriminated in spite of their high levels of education and qualification.
They were particularly against special privileges that were given to the nobles and clergy in the political, social and economic structures of Russia. Besides, Industrialization led to the rise of a new middle class wealthy and powerful businessmen who hated the Tsarist government dominated by the old aristocrats.
These new middle class and other professional middle class financed and mobilized the peasants for the revolution most especially of march The rise and influence of Socialism The rise and influence of socialism in Russia by greatly contributed to the outbreak of the Bolshevik revolutions. Socialist ideology was adopted from the teachings of Karl Marx and Eagles who taught against capitalism, private ownership of property, social class inequality and advocated for the rights of workers, fair conditions of work, state ownership of property and abolition of special privileges of the nobles and clergy.
Karl Marx, in his book "Das capital," analyzed the disadvantages of capitalism and private ownership of property and advocated for a revolution as the only solution to exploitation and inequality. The socialists were influenced by these teachings to form the Social Democratic Party in and Social Revolutionary Party in as a vehicle to advance socialist ideology.
They condemned the Tsarist regime for its failure to address the problems created by industrial revolution such as unemployment, poor condition of work, exploitation and inequality.
This created a revolutionary mood in the Russians and made it easy to mobilize the masses through strikes and demonstrations that climaxed into the dual revolutions of The role of writers and the press Other than Karl Marx, other writers and intellectuals like Tolstoy, Bikini, and Crooking etc. They condemned the unfair social, economic and political policies of Tsardom and advocated for mass action that inspired the Russians to adopt socialist ideology and revolt by Writers and intellectuals like Lenin, Trotsky and.
Stalin founded a revolutionary newspaper "Pravda" that they used to spread attractive propaganda against the Tsarist regime. The news paper was effectively used to sensitize and mobilize the Russians against the injustices of the Tsarist regime through strikes, demonstrations and the revolutions of Although the newspaper was banned after the exile of Lenin and arrest of Stalin and Trotsky, it had already -caused popular discontent amongst the Russians against Tsar Nicholas 11 and his government.
The role of foreign powers The support from foreign powers such as Finland, Sweden, Poland, Switzerland and Germany greatly encouraged the Russians to revolt by Finland and Poland supported the revolution against Tsardom because they wanted to disorganize the Tsarist regime and regain their independence. It should be noted that revolutionary leaders like Stalin and Lenin who were exiled before mobilized funds, manpower and arms from such anti- Tsarist countries.
Germany also supported the revolution in order to destabilize Russia so that she withdraws from participating in the war World War I against her. This explains why Germany directly supported the revolution by smuggling Lenin in a disguised train up to Berlin in This is because Germany wanted Lenin to overthrow the provisional government and pull Russia out of the war in order to weaken the allied powers.
The contribution of Trotsky, Lenin and Stalin The role played by Trotsky, Lenin and Stalin made the outbreak of the revolutions inevitable. These were ambitious and revolutionary leaders who decampaigned the Tsarist regime and mobilized the masses against the government through strikes, demonstrations and the revolutions in Theycondemned the political unfairness, economic grievances and social injustice of the Tsarist regime and mobilized the Russians and foreign powers against the government.
Trotsky became the leader of the Mensheviks party that mobilized the Russians in the first revolution against the Tsarist regime in March Land policy By , feudalism was still practiced in Russia yet it had been discarded in other parts of Europe. Land was a monopoly of a few landlords while the majority of the Russians were either squatters or serfs.
Although the emancipation act freed the peasants from serfdom, nevertheless it imposed a heavy emancipation fee to the freed serfs. This was paid to their ex-landlords to compensate them for their lost labour. It forced the peasants to sell their land to clear the lump sum redemption fee. Consequently, they became landless at the end of it all. The peasants regarded the emancipation policy as an illusion which gave them legal freedom and not economic freedom. This was why Lenin's ideas of nationalization of land sold like hot cakes to the majority of peasants.
The revolution was therefore provoked by the need to abolish the capitalistic feudal system of landlordism promoted by Tsar Nicholas II. Effects of Natural Disasters Natural disasters like bad weather led to poor harvest, famine and starvation, which made no small contribution to the revolutions. Besides, Epidemic diseases like cholera, typhoid, influenza and dysentery invaded the major towns and cities like Petrograd making the political, situation more complicated.
Surprisingly, Tsar Nicholas closed his eyes and ears to such burning issues. This forced the Russian's into the revolutions of Prior to , Europe had experienced periodic revolutionary changes such as the French revolution, the and revolutions in Europe. The revolutionary principles of equality, liberty, nationalism and constitutionalism were adopted and preached by the radical Russians to the oppressed masses.
This led to the rise of anti- Tsarist societies like the Bolsheviks under Lenin and the Mensheviks led by Trotsky. They were the mastermind behind strikes and demonstrations that spread revolutionary spirit amongst the Russians. Nihilism External influence especially western influence led to the rise of Nihilists and Nihilism in Russia.
Nihilists were lawless and hardcore diehard individuals who valued their brainpower more than anything else. They believed in testing and approving every human institution and customs through reasoning. They had a list of oppressive governments' officials who were systematically assassinated one after the other. Bukunin, one of their leaders advocated for the immediate destruction of the social, economic and political structures of Russia for the betterment of the Russians.
This called for a revolution in Russification policy The Russification programme that involved russifying the conquered states making them Russian through assimilation contributed to the revolution of Consequently, in Finland and Poland, Russian was made the official language while in Estonia and Litovinia, German language was banned yet they were Germans. The Jews were discriminated and persecuted because it was suspected that one of the assassins of Tsar Alexander, 11 was a Jewish girl and partly because of religious differences.
They were denied land, right to vote, high government positions and freedom of trade. These mistreatments undermined nationalism in the conquered states, denied Tsar Nicholas II support from such states, Jews and the Russians who never wanted the policy of Russification. This explains why the Jews and conquered states greatly participated in the revolutions of In the war, Japan thoroughly defeated Russia leaving her with 90, casualties and taking about 40, soldiers as prisoners of war.
This was crowned up by the humiliating Parthsmouth treaty through which Russia surrendered Korea, Munchuria, Port Arthur and the surrounding Peninsula to Japan. The humiliation of Russia in the war was a disaster not only to the Russian forces but also to the government of Tsar Nicholas II.
It provoked disorder from all comers of Russia. It led to the assassination of a number of nobles, clergy and government officials. For example, Plehve the Minister of interior was murdered in and his uncle in These became a preamble for the outbreak of the Bolshevik revolutions of The humiliation of the Russo-Japanese war led to a peaceful demonstration in St.
Petersburg on Sunday January 22nd It was a demonstration of about , Russians under the leadership of a youthful priest. Father Gapon.
The demonstrators demanded for political freedom and better working conditions amongst others. The peaceful demonstration turned violent when soldiers guarding the Tsars' palace used force to disperse off the demonstrators leaving 92 dead and injured.
It intensified protests throughout Russia and consolidated the influence of socialism over the workers. This undermined the popularity of Tsar Nicholas II leading to the outbreak of the revolutions. Role of Political Parties Political parties played a great role in bringing about the Russian revolutions of They criticized the Tsarist regime and promised to provide solutions to the problems of the Russians.
For instance, the Social Revolutionary Party aimed at improving the conditions of the peasants, the Liberators wanted more freedom and parliamentary democracy and the Social Democratic Labour Party wanted a communist Russia as prophesized by Karl Marx. By , these parties had transformed themselves into the Bolsheviks majority party and Mensheviks minority party. The leaders of these parties most especially Lenin, Trotsky and Stalin mobilized workers through strikes, demonstrations and the revolutions of From the start, the war was poorly planned; the soldiers were also, poorly facilitated, led and armed.
Three soldiers were to share two guns and others were sent to the battlefield with instructions to use weapons of fallen comrades killed colleagues. Russia was disastrously defeated and her total casualties equaled to those of her allies put together.
The Russian soldiers were fed up with war yet Tsar Nicholas 11 could neither improve their conditions nor withdraw from the war. When they were ordered to suppress the revolution, they mutinied and supported the revolution.
Throughout Russia, soldiers joined the revolutionaries and their representatives were appointed to the various workers committees soviets , which made the revolutions inevitable.
He also left Petrograd never to return. He had to rely on Alexandra for information. There was plenty of food, but not enough locomotives to pull the trains.
The worst affected places were Petrograd and Moscow. Food shortages led to inflation. He persuaded her to ask her husband to dismiss ministers and change military tactics. Eventually he was murdered in December by a group of Russian nobles. There were many rumours that Rasputin was having an affair with the Tsarina. They lived squashed together in working class districts near the city centre. This led to strikes and by 25 February half the workers were on strike. The Tsarina told him that all was well and that there were only minor disturbances.
The Tsar believed his wife. He thought that Rodzianko was just trying to use the situation to become prime minister. There were , troops in the city but they were mostly recruits. He was forced to abdicate on 2 March in favour of his brother, Michael. His brother abdicated on 3 March. The first prime minister was Prince Lvov. It had no authority whatsoever. It governed Petrograd and was controlled at first by the Socialists-Revolutionaries. This created chaos in Petrograd.
Why did the Provisional Government become unpopular? The members did not believe that they had the authority to make peace and did not want to let down the western Allies.
The Provisional Government did try to tackle the problems of shortages and inflation, but, during the summer of , rations in Petrograd fell.
He was sent back to Russia by the Germans, who hoped that he would create as much trouble as possible, which would undermine the Russian war effort.
The Bolshevik leaders were all either arrested and put in jail, or they fled to Finland. He ordered his arrest. Lenin agreed if they were let out of jail and given weapons. There is no reason to panic with these, they are just like British sources and any essential Russian that you will require has been translated into English for you!
It was published in a Russian political magazine in The skeleton represents the forces of the Tsar. It was published in Russia in in an illegal journal.
Use the source and your own knowledge to explain your answer. We workers have come to seek truth, justice and protection from you. We working men have no say in how the taxes we pay are spent. Do not refuse to help your people. Destroy the barrier that exists between yourself and your people. Sunday 22 January, A painful day. There have been serious disorders in St Petersburg because workers wanted to come up to the Winter Palace. Troops had to open fire in several places in the city; there were many killed and wounded.
God, how painful and sad! Mama arrived from town. We went straight to church. I lunched with the family and went for a walk. Mama stayed overnight. The people being carried represent the Tsar, the Church and the Russian nobility.
A Russian cartoon of Rasputin with the Tsar and Tsarina. It shows the Tsar as Commander-in- Chief. Use the sources and your own knowledge to explain your answer. The strikers and rioters in the city are now more defiant than ever. Youngsters are running around shouting that they have no bread. But it will not last providing the Duma does not cause trouble. The papers do not report the most disloyal of the speeches in the Duma.
However, I think there should be immediate and severe punishment for speaking against the Tsar. From a letter from the Tsarina to her husband, the Tsar, 25 February You will get one mark for each piece of description so four bullet points will do.
Descriptions of Tsarist Russia — The only description questions that come up about Tsarism seem to be on the nature of Tsarism, the causes and events of the Revolution, Bloody Sunday and Rasputin.
Explanation Question — this is worth 6 marks and requires you to answer a question which asks you why something happened. In order to answer a why question effectively you need to be able to describe the background information and use words like because, therefore, as a result of, this led to in order to explain as clearly as possible.
Explanation of Tsarism Questions — The only explanation questions that come up about Tsarism seem to be on the causes, events or effects of the revolution and how the First World War affected Tsarism. It requires you to describe and explain more than one event or reasons for an event and, crucially, give YOUR VIEW on which one you think is the most important and explain why you think this.
Sometimes they appear in the style of a quote and you need to judge whether or not you agree with it and say why you think this. Occasionally a judgement question will give you three points to discuss, you must talk about all three and decide which one is the most important. If a question suggests a reason for something, think about what reasons are not included in the question and write about them as well.
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