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Throughout history, there are many instances of sound that some could argue to be music. Pythagoras posited that the sun, the moon, and each planet created its own vibration or tune resulting from the movement of celestial bodies. Many animals, such as frogs, insects, and birds, use auditory signals during mating season.
Humans have tried to imitate the sounds of different animals in their music throughout history. As Western art music moved towards the twentieth century, composers began to experiment with more animal sounds in their music. Perhaps the most dedicated to the sounds of birds was Olivier Messiaen, the French composer who recorded and transcribed live birdsong into his own pieces. Composers have also tried to imitate the sounds of insects.
The field of evolutionary musicology studies the origins of music and its evolutionary function for the survival of a species.
In the theme of biology, the question we must answer is why does a certain trait arise, and how does it help a population survive? Some researchers believe that music was a way for different species to claim territory. A shared song among members of a group encourages social cohesion and distinguishes members of that group from others. Both birds and gibbons use vocalizations as a way to defend a territory during mating rituals. Therefore, music may have developed as a form of communication and later as an emotional form of ritual solidarity.
This helps strengthen the bond between mother and infant as well as helps the baby to develop language skills. The intonations and pitches are common across different cultures, and baby talk may be a possible origin of the development of vocal music.
Brown proposed the musilanguage hypothesis after studying the inherent connections between both language and music. The musilanguage hypothesis argues for a similar stage in which both language and music evolved. There are three main properties that language and music both share, of which Brown argues formed the components of the musilanguage stage. The first is the lexical tone using pitch as a way to distinguish elements of a sentence, such as in many East Asian languages.
The second property is the combinatorial formation, which is the facility to take tones and create various phrasic structures. Finally, expressive phrasing in language and music is the act of stressing certain pitches or phrases to emphasize a specific idea or section.
The first instrument created was probably the one most available to the Neanderthals: the human voice. In the same stream as the development of language where humans started to experiment with clicks, trills, and tones, music began to evolve.
The first man-made instrument was probably a percussion instrument, developed first from rhythmic hand-clapping and then from various objects striking together. One of the most well-known ancient instrument, known as the Divje Babe flute , is a cave bear bone bored with holes discovered in Slovenia.
Some believe this 45,year-old artifact to be the oldest prehistoric instrument, while others consider it simply a bone that a carnivore chewed on overtime. The scale consists of five semitones and evolved independently across cultures in Eastern China to the indigenous African music to the American blues.
The Pentatonic scale, thus, could be an example of music that all humans can relate to. And while there are varying types of genres across cultures, each culture understands its own unique form of music. Just as different organisms arose from a single cell through the long process of evolution, so did different music cultures arise from the intersection of biological, social, and cultural forces.
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They told stories, sung ballads and perhaps most importantly, brought with them influences from far and wide that seamlessly blended with the western musical cultures. The Renaissance — was a golden period in music history. Freed from the constraints of Medieval musical conventions the composers of the Renaissance forged a new way forward.
Josquin des Prez is considered to be one of the early Renaissance composers to be a great master of the polyphonic style, often combining many voices to create elaborate musical textures. Later Palestrina, Thomas Tallis and William Byrd build on the ideas of des Pres composing some of the most stunning motets, masses, chansons and instrumental works in their own right.
Modality was firmly established as a basis for all harmony, and although strict rules governing the use of dissonance, the expressive qualities of Renaissance music is virtually unparalleled. As instrumental pieces became accepted into the repertoire, we find the development of instruments like the bassoon and the trombone giving rise to larger and more elaborate instrumental groupings. This gave composers far more scope to explore and express their creative ideas than before.
The viol family developed to provide a very particular, haunted quality to much of the music of the time alongside the establishment of each recognisable family of instruments comprising, percussion, strings, woodwind and brass. Keyboard instruments also became increasingly common and the advent of the sonata followed in due course. Other popular forms for instrumental music included the toccata, canzona and ricercar to name but a few, emanating from the Courtly dance. Towards the end of the Renaissance, what was called the Church Modes began to dissolve in favour of what is now considered to be functional harmony or tonality based on a system of keys rather than modes.
The Baroque Period , houses some of the most famous composers and pieces that we have in Western Classical Music. It also sees some of the most important musical and instrumental developments. Italy, Germany, England and France continue from the Renaissance to dominate the musical landscape, each influencing the other with conventions and style.
Amongst the many celebrated composers of the time, G F Handel, Bach, Vivaldi and Purcell provide a substantial introduction to the music of this era. Instrumental music was composed and performed in tandem with vocal works, each of equal importance in the Baroque.
The virtuosity that began amongst the elite Renaissance performers flourished in the Baroque. Consider the keyboard Sonatas of Domenico Scarlatti or the Concertos that Vivaldi composed for his student performers.
This, in turn, leads to significant instrumental developments, and thanks to the aristocratic support of Catherine Medici, the birth of the Violin. Common musical forms were established founded on the Renaissance composers principles but extended and developed in ways that they would have probably found unimaginable. The Suite became a Baroque favourite, comprising contrasting fast slow movements like the Prelude; Allemande, Gigue, Courante and the Sarabande. Concertos became ever more popular, giving instrumentalists the opportunity to display their technical and expressive powers.
Vocal music continued to include the Mass but now also the Oratorio and Cantata alongside anthems and chorales. Opera appears in earnest in the Baroque period and becomes an established musical form and vehicle for astonishing expression and diversity. Increasingly, the preferred harmony is tonal and the system of keys major and minor , is accepted in favour of modality.
This lifts the limitations of modes and offers composers the chance to create ever more complex and expressive pieces that combine exciting polyphonic textures and dynamics. Notation accompanies these developments and steadily we find that the accuracy of composers works becomes more precise and detailed giving us a better possibility of realising their intentions in performances of today.
From the Baroque, we step into the Classical Period Here Haydn and Mozart dominate the musical landscape and Germany and Austria sit at the creative heart of the period.
From the ornate Baroque composers of the Classical period moved away from the polyphonic towards the homophonic, writing music that was, on the surface of it at least, simple, sleek and measured. One key development is that of the Piano. The Baroque harpsichord is replaced by the early piano which was a more reliable and expressive instrument. Mozart and Haydn each wrote a large number of works for the Piano which allowed for this instrument to develop significantly during this period.
Chamber music alongside orchestral music was a feature of the Classical Era with particular attention drawn towards the String Quartet. The orchestra itself was firmly established and towards the latter end of the period began to include clarinets, trombones, and timpani. The rise of the virtuoso performer continued throughout this period of music as demonstrated by the many of the concertos and sonatas composed during this time.
Opera flourished in these decades and became a fully-fledged musical form of entertainment that extended way beyond the dreams of the Baroque composers. As the Classical era closed Beethoven is the most notable composer who made such a huge contribution to the change into the Romantic Era — His work on Sonata form in his concertos, symphonies, string quartets and sonatas, goes almost unmatched by any other composer.
The Romantic era saw huge developments in the quality and range of many instruments that naturally encouraged ever more expressive and diverse music from the composers. Musical forms like the Romantic orchestra became expansive landscapes where composers gave full and unbridled reign to their deepest emotions and dreams.
The symphonies of Gustav Mahler stand like stone pillars of achievement at the end of the Romantic period alongside the tone poems of Richard Strauss. The Romantic period presents us with a vast array of rich music that only towards the end of the 19 th Century began to fade.
It is hard to conceive of what could follow such a triumphant, heroic time in musical history but as we push forward into the 20 th Century the musical landscape takes a dramatic turn. Echoes of the Romantic Era still thread through the next century in the works of Elgar, Shostakovich and Arthur Bliss, but it is the music from France we have title impressionism that sparkles its way into our musical consciences.
Debussy and Ravel are key exponents of this colourful movement that parallels the artwork of Monet and Manet. What we hear in the music of the impressionists harks back to many of the popular forms of the Baroque but in ways that Bach is unlikely to have foreseen.
The tonal system transforms to include a wider range of scales and influences from the Orient allowing composers to write some of the most stunning works ever heard. Both Ravel and Debussy composed extensively for the piano using poetry for inspiration. Their orchestral works are amongst some of the most beautiful and evocative pieces ever written.
In parallel, the Teutonic world began to undergo its own revolution in the form of the second Viennese school, led by Arnold Schoenberg. Disillusioned with the confines of tonality Schoenberg threw out the tonal system in favour of a new twelve-tone serial system giving each step of the chromatic scale equal musical validity.
The result was serial music that was completely atonal and transformed the musical landscape almost beyond anything that had happened before. I adored this text. Thank you for the informations. The music is the better art humankind ever did. There are mainly six periods of music and each period has a particular style. Music is an expression of feelings, emotions through specific sounds. We listen to music everywhere like in the singing of birds, whistling of a person and impressive sounds by a live band.
All these are the simplest form of music. Thanks for sharing the information. CMUSE is a participant of the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program — it is designed to provide an aid for the websites in earning an advertisement fee — by means of advertising and linking to Amazon. CMUSE is your music news and entertainment website.
We provide you with the latest breaking news and videos straight from the music industry. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other.
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