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For this reason, conical projections are often used for maps of the United States, most of which lies in the mid-latitudes. The cylinder touches Earth along one line, most often the Equator. When the cylinder is cut open and flattened into a map, the regions near the Equator are the most accurate. Regions near the poles are the most distorted. Surveying and Remote Sensing Cartographers rely on survey data for accurate information about the planet.
Surveying is the science of determining the exact size, shape, and location of a piece of land. Surveyors gather information from regions both above sea level and beneath bodies of water. Surveying can be done on foot.
Surveyors use many instruments to measure the features, or topography , of the land. A compass, measuring device, and theodolites are often used by surveyors doing field work. A theodolite is an instrument that measures angles. A surveyor may calculate the angle of hills, valleys, and other features by using a theodolite, which is usually mounted on a tripod , or three-legged platform.
Today, many surveyors use remote sensing to collect data about an area without actually physically touching it. Sensors that detect light or radiation emitted by objects are mounted to airplanes or space satellites, collecting information about places on Earth from above. One method of remote sensing is aerial photography, taking photographs of Earth from the air.
Aerial photography has eliminated much of the legwork for surveyors and has allowed precise surveying of some places that are impossible to reach on foot. Satellites, spacecraft that orbit Earth, perform remote sensing.
For example, Landsat , a satellite that circles Earth 14 times a day, transmits huge volumes of data to computers on Earth. The data can be used to quickly make or correct maps. How Maps Are Made Before making a map, cartographers decide what area they want to display and what type of information they want to present. They consider the needs of their audience and the purpose of the map. These decisions determine what kind of projection and scale they need, and what sorts of details will be included.
The language of the map is one thing a cartographer must consider. A blind reader needs a map that has information in braille , for instance. The audience for a map can determine how widely a map is used. A map might use red and green symbols to show the location of maple and pine trees.
This information might be easily displayed in a simple legend. However, such a map could not be used by people who are color-blind. Lines of latitude and longitude are mathematically plotted on a flat surface. Features are drawn in their appropriate location. Before the development of advanced computer and printing techniques, maps were drawn by hand. Cartographers would draw, or scribe , the map on a sheet of coated plastic with a special etching tool, scraping away the colored coating to leave clear, sharp lines.
Several different sheets of plastic were layered on top of each other to add shading and place names. The plastic sheets were used to make a metal printing plate , or proof, for publishing the map. Today, most mapping is done with the help of computers. The coordinates of every point are entered into a computer. By feeding new data into the computer or deleting old data, map changes can be made quickly and easily.
Colors can be changed, new roads added, and topographic features, such as the flow of a river, altered. The new map can then be printed out easily. Types of Maps Cartographers make many different types of maps, which can be divided into two broad categories: general reference maps and thematic maps. General reference maps show general geographic information about an area, including the locations of cities, boundaries, roads, mountains, rivers, and coastlines.
Government agencies such as the U. Many are topographic maps, meaning that they show changes in elevation. They show all the hills and valleys in an area. This is useful to everyone from hikers trying to choose a route to engineers trying to determine where to build highways and dams.
They emphasize one theme, or topic. These themes can include information about people, other organisms, or the land. Many thematic maps are now made with the help of geographic information system GIS technology.
This technology combines information from maps with other data about people, the land, climate , farms, houses, businesses, and much more, allowing multiple sets of data to be displayed on a single map. Many industries and governments use GIS technology for analysis and decision making. For example, GIS data helps officials determine which streams are most in danger of being polluted.
It can also help a business decide where to locate a new store. History of Mapmaking Through the ages, maps have taken many different forms. The earliest maps were probably sketches made on the ground that showed the surrounding area. People native to the Marshall Islands used palm fibers to show wave patterns between islands in the Pacific Ocean.
They used seashells to represent islands. Inuit fishermen in the Arctic carved pieces of driftwood to show coastal features. It dates back nearly 14, years. The ancient Greeks are usually considered the founders of scientific cartography. Greek scholars knew the general size and shape of Earth, and they developed the grid system of latitude and longitude.
Eratosthenes , who lived from about to B. Claudius Ptolemaeus, or Ptolemy , was an astronomer , mathematician , and geographer in the second century A. He brought mapmaking to a level of precision that would not be seen again until the fifteenth century.
He combined all his knowledge about the world into a book called Geography. In Europe during the Middle Ages , cartographers drew maps reflecting their religious beliefs. These maps were generally simple and sometimes fanciful.
According to the maps, which states are included in the Midwest region of the United States? According to the maps, which states are included in the Southwest region of the United States? Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. According to the maps, which states are included in the West region of the United States?
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View Collection. Maps first appeared on cave walls, mammoth tusks, and clay tablets then explorers drew maps on paper as we began to understand the shape of our world. Today we use advanced Geographic Information Systems GIS that combine complex math and visualizations allows us to plan, understand, and connect us to what matters. How do maps do all these things?
Read on and find out…. Maps take complex data sets and display them in a pleasing graphic you can use to answer questions about your world. She nods her head, walks over to the spring roller, and pulls down a huge spreadsheet that lists each country and their areas. Maps are a visual representation of complicated data. Some may think maps are unnecessary and complicated tools, but in reality, maps simplify your life. GPS can get you from point A to point B but it does a poor job with helping you vis ualize where you are in relation to everything else.
Most people know how GPS works. It finds your location and you tell it where you want to go. Maps support spatial thinking by helping children visualize where objects, places, cities, and countries are in relation to one another. Spatial thinking has been linked to greater success in math and science.
Sometimes a current state map may also be referred to as a value stream map or a swim lane diagram, depending on how the information is captured and is displayed.
A current state map allows you to: See how a process is actually working -- "What really happens next? Consider the straight through process; be sure to include processes that are executed in parallel Document each step in the process, but do not focus on exceptions as processes should not be developed based on exceptions but on straight through processes.
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