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Add 'in between were the Anglo-Saxons and then the Vikings'. There is overlap between the various invaders, and through it all, the Celtic British population remained largely in place. No-one called the people living in Britain during the Iron Age, Celts until the eighteenth century.
In fact the Romans called these people Britons, not Celts. The name Celts is a 'modern' name and is used to collectively describe all the many tribes of people living during the Iron Age. The first people to be called 'English' were the Anglo-Saxons , a group of closely related Germanic tribes that began migrating to eastern and southern Great Britain, from southern Denmark and northern Germany, in the 5th century AD, after the Romans had withdrawn from Britain. Around , the Romano- British expelled the magistrates of the usurper Constantine III, ostensibly in response to his failures to use the Roman garrison he had stripped from Britain to protect the island.
The reason Rome never conquered Scotland or, more accurately, the Scottish Highlands , is because Scotland simply wasn't worth the trouble. Scotland had no natural resources, very little fertile land, had no large population from which to draw troops, and afforded no strategic advantage. Between AD and the Romans lost a great deal of their empire to different German tribes.
In any event the Indo-European " Italians " are broken up into several groups by the time we see them in the historical record. The three main groupings were the Latins - from whom the Romans emerged - on the west coast of the peninsula, the Oscans in the south, and the Umbrians in central and east central Italy. Claudius had to prove himself in the role of Emperor.
Roman leaders traditionally achieved glory and popularity through military success that led to expansion of the Empire. Claudius had begun to show himself capable of restoring internal peace after Caligula's rule. The Romans had a story about how their city began. According to legend, Rome was founded by twin brothers, Romulus and Remus, who were the sons of the god Mars. Remus was killed and Romulus named the new city 'Roma' after himself!
This bronze sculpture of the wolf that rescued Romulus and Remus was made in about BC. Some 30 years later they reached Scotland , when Julius Agricola launched his campaign in the north in the AD 70's. By both land and sea, it took only seven years for him to take control of much of Scotland. The landing site for Julius Caesar's invasion of Britain more than 2, years ago has been identified for the first time — in Kent.
His ships arrived at Pegwell Bay on the Isle of Thanet at the north east point of the county, a spot never previously suspected because it was separated from the mainland. The landing was rather uneventful compared to likely expectations. Navigators found a landing spot on Rutupiae Island on the East coast of Britain near the mouth of the Thames River that was adjacent to an easily traversable channel leading to the British mainland.
The landing was completely unopposed by British forces, something completely unexpected by the Romans. Several reasons likely contributed to this. First, diplomatic relations with local tribes from the time of Caesar likely reduced resistance in general, and secondly, the delay of the invasion made the British tribesman, particularly the Belgic, tired of waiting, and they just went home. Thus the Romans began marching into Southern Britain after establishing a permanent beachhead camp near the town of Richborough, and, as Dio tells us, encountering resistance finally from the two Belgic brothers: Togodumnus and Caratacus.
In marching through the southern possessions of the Belgic in Kent, Aulus Plautius encountered relatively little resistance because the tribes in this area were relatively ambivalent toward to the Belgic, and simply let the Romans through. The Romans were, unlike crossing the sea, very skilled at river crossing, and employed effective strategy that took Caratacus by surprise.
Plautius made two crossings on the river, one of which was intended to be the main attacking force, and the other as a distraction. Roman engineers found a ford that was traversable at low tide near modern day Rochester, and would cross the main force at this location.
Caratacus, realizing what the Romans were doing, attacked and nearly defeated the legions. However, after a day of fighting, reinforcements proved too powerful for the Belgic, and they retreated. Medway would come to be the decisive battle in Britain because it would come to render the Belgic kingdom helpless and open for Roman occupation, effectively ending organized resistance to Roman invasion prior to the formation of the province.
After Medway, Plautius occupied the trade bridge on the Thames, the last defense between Rome and the Belgic capital. In the battle just past this bridge, Togodumnus was killed. Togodumnus carried far more Belgic loyalty than did Caratacus, thus the aristocracy of the kingdom began to waiver, and Caratacus was forced to flee to Wales to return later.
Our experienced practitioners will bring the characters of the Roman Emperor Claudius and Boudica, Queen of the Iceni, to life for your students. Find out more here. Further Reading. We found the following books very handy in researching this article.
If you'd like to learn more about the Romans then they are well worth a look. For Teens and Adults:. Why we like it:. A really interesting book that charts 24 hours in Ancient Rome. Each hour follows another inhabitant of this iconic city; from gladiators to watchmen and astrologers. For Children:. What's better than learning about history? Why, lifting book flaps whilst you do it of course! There's a hundred facts to learn and fifty flaps to lift in this book, plenty to keep you occupied.
For Adults:. It's an epic read but this classic by Mary Beard has everything you ever needed or wanted to know about Ancient Rome. The above links are affiliate links. That means if you buy something through the links above, we will earn a few quid at no extra cost to you. Thanks for subscribing! You can unsubscribe at any time using the links at the bottom of the email.
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