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In about 1 in 15 cases, complications develop that vary from a mild ear infection to encephalitis. Bacteriophages are composed of proteins and a DNA or RNA genome that can be very simple, containing four genes, or complex, with hundreds of genes. Every year, an estimated 59, people die from rabies. Usually contracted following a bite from an infected animal, rabies is almost always fatal in people who have not been vaccinated. Once symptoms of appear, there is little-to-no hope for the infected individual, with no treatment options currently available.
Homepage Why Microbiology Matters What is microbiology? Viruses Viruses are the smallest of all the microbes. Lysis The virus particles burst out of the host cell into the extracellular space resulting in the death of the host cell. Videos Learn more about viruses. Microbiology Today: Arboviruses and their Vectors Microbiology Today August considers some of the viruses that are transmitted by arthropods and the arthropod vectors that carry them. Emerging zoonotic diseases This policy briefing outlines the increasing public health and economic threats posed by emerging zoonotic diseases.
Polio Polio is a serious viral infection that can cause paralysis. Measles Measles is a viral disease spread through inhaling viral particles from infected coughs and sneezes. They are typical lipid monolayers with embedded viral proteins. The envelope proteins are virus specific and the envelope lipids and carbohydrates are derived from the host. Term Viral envelopes are composed of A.
Term Two major types of symmetry found in viruses include A. Term The function of the viral protein coat is to A. Term The protein coat surrounding the viral genome is called the A. Term Which of the following is most true of a viral DNA genome? It uses the same four nitrogenous bases found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA.
It may have the normal bases found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA, or it may have one or more unusual bases. It is usually composed of unusual bases unique to viruses. Viruses do not use DNA for their genome. Term Virion size ranges from A. Term Viral capsids are generally constructed without any outside aid once the subunits have been synthesized.
This process is called A. Term In which of the following stages of the viral infectious cycle do enveloped viruses usually acquire their envelopes? Definition A. Term Poliovirus receptors are found A. Term Nonenveloped viruses most often gain access to eukaryotic host cells by A. Term Which of the following represent s the way s in which enveloped viruses acquire their envelopes?
Budding through the plasma membrane. Budding through internal cellular membranes. Viral enzymes are responsible for production of the envelope. For some viruses, a is correct; for other viruses, b is correct. Term Some viruses cause abnormal growth of cells rather than destruction.
Definition transformation. Term Adult T-cell leukemia is thought to be caused by A. Term Which of the following has been associated with a form of liver cancer?
Human papilloma virus. Hepatitis B virus. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus. Hepatitis A virus. Definition cytopathic effects. Term Which of the following can be used to cultivate plant viruses? Cultures of separated plant cells. Whole plants. The number and arrangement of the capsomeres morphologic subunits of the icosahedron are useful in identification and classification. Many viruses also have an outer envelope.
The entire genome may occupy either one nucleic acid molecule monopartite genome or several nucleic acid segments multipartite genome. The different types of genome necessitate different replication strategies. Aside from physical data, genome structure and mode of replication are criteria applied in the classification and nomenclature of viruses, including the chemical composition and configuration of the nucleic acid, whether the genome is monopartite or multipartite.
Also considered in viral classification is the site of capsid assembly and, in enveloped viruses, the site of envelopment. Viruses are inert outside the host cell. Small viruses, e. Viruses are unable to generate energy. As obligate intracellular parasites, during replication, they fully depend on the complicated biochemical machinery of eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells. The main purpose of a virus is to deliver its genome into the host cell to allow its expression transcription and translation by the host cell.
A fully assembled infectious virus is called a virion. The simplest virions consist of two basic components: nucleic acid single- or double-stranded RNA or DNA and a protein coat, the capsid, which functions as a shell to protect the viral genome from nucleases and which during infection attaches the virion to specific receptors exposed on the prospective host cell.
Capsid proteins are coded for by the virus genome. Because of its limited size Table the genome codes for only a few structural proteins besides non-structural regulatory proteins involved in virus replication. Capsids are formed as single or double protein shells and consist of only one or a few structural protein species.
Therefore, multiple protein copies must self assemble to form the continuous three-dimensional capsid structure. Self assembly of virus capsids follows two basic patterns: helical symmetry, in which the protein subunits and the nucleic acid are arranged in a helix, and icosahedral symmetry, in which the protein subunits assemble into a symmetric shell that covers the nucleic acid-containing core.
Some virus families have an additional covering, called the envelope, which is usually derived in part from modified host cell membranes.
Viral envelopes consist of a lipid bilayer that closely surrounds a shell of virus-encoded membrane-associated proteins. The exterior of the bilayer is studded with virus-coded, glycosylated trans- membrane proteins. Therefore, enveloped viruses often exhibit a fringe of glycoprotein spikes or knobs, also called peplomers. In viruses that acquire their envelope by budding through the plasma or another intracellular cell membrane, the lipid composition of the viral envelope closely reflects that of the particular host membrane.
The outer capsid and the envelope proteins of viruses are glycosylated and important in determining the host range and antigenic composition of the virion. In addition to virus-specified envelope proteins, budding viruses carry also certain host cell proteins as integral constituents of the viral envelope.
Virus envelopes can be considered an additional protective coat. Larger viruses often have a complex architecture consisting of both helical and isometric symmetries confined to different structural components. Viruses are classified on the basis of morphology, chemical composition, and mode of replication.
The viruses that infect humans are currently grouped into 21 families, reflecting only a small part of the spectrum of the multitude of different viruses whose host ranges extend from vertebrates to protozoa and from plants and fungi to bacteria. In the replication of viruses with helical symmetry, identical protein subunits protomers self-assemble into a helical array surrounding the nucleic acid, which follows a similar spiral path. Such nucleocapsids form rigid, highly elongated rods or flexible filaments; in either case, details of the capsid structure are often discernible by electron microscopy.
In addition to classification as flexible or rigid and as naked or enveloped, helical nucleocapsids are characterized by length, width, pitch of the helix, and number of protomers per helical turn. The most extensively studied helical virus is tobacco mosaic virus Fig.
Many important structural features of this plant virus have been detected by x-ray diffraction studies. Figure shows Sendai virus, an enveloped virus with helical nucleocapsid symmetry, a member of the paramyxovirus family see Ch. The helical structure of the rigid tobacco mosaic virus rod. About 5 percent of the length of the virion is depicted. Individual 17,Da protein subunits protomers assemble in a helix with an axial repeat of 6. Each more Fragments of flexible helical nucleocapsids NC of Sendai virus, a paramyxovirus, are seen either within the protective envelope E or free, after rupture of the envelope.
The intact nucleocapsid is about 1, nm long and 17 nm in diameter; its pitch more An icosahedron is a polyhedron having 20 equilateral triangular faces and 12 vertices Fig. Lines through the centers of opposite triangular faces form axes of threefold rotational symmetry; twofold rotational symmetry axes are formed by lines through midpoints of opposite edges.
An icosaheron polyhedral or spherical with fivefold, threefold, and twofold axes of rotational symmetry Fig. Icosahedral models seen, left to right, on fivefold, threefold, and twofold axes of rotational symmetry.
These axes are perpendicular to the plane of the page and pass through the centers of each figure. Both polyhedral upper and spherical lower forms more Viruses were first found to have symmetry by x-ray diffraction studies and subsequently by electron microscopy with negative-staining techniques. In most icosahedral viruses, the protomers, i. The arrangement of capsomeres into an icosahedral shell compare Fig. This requires the identification of the nearest pair of vertex capsomeres called penton: those through which the fivefold symmetry axes pass and the distribution of capsomeres between them.
Adenovirus after negative stain electron microscopy. A The capsid reveals the typical isometric shell made up from 20 equilateral triangular faces. The net axes are formed by lines of the closest-packed neighboring capsomeres. In adenoviruses, the h and k axes also coincide with the edges of the triangular faces.
This symmetry and number of capsomeres is typical of all members of the adenovirus family. Except in helical nucleocapsids, little is known about the packaging or organization of the viral genome within the core. Small virions are simple nucleocapsids containing 1 to 2 protein species. The larger viruses contain in a core the nucleic acid genome complexed with basic protein s and protected by a single- or double layered capsid consisting of more than one species of protein or by an envelope Fig.
Two-dimensional diagram of HIV-1 correlating immuno- electron microscopic findings with the recent nomenclature for the structural components in a 2-letter code and with the molecular weights of the virus structural glyco- proteins.
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