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In fact, there are plenty of evil versions of Batman. Most of them are other people who simply took the cowl and mantle. A few of them, however, are versions of Bruce Wayne himself succumbing to the most primordial of human crimes.
Here are 10 of those evil Batman versions that even the Joker might not find funny. To honor some of those heroes, here is our list of 10 superheroes who are harder to kill than Superman. Skip to content Chemistry. Table of Contents. Natural abundance. It makes up just 1 part per million by volume.
It is extracted by distillation of air that has been cooled until it is a liquid. Help text not available for this section currently. Elements and Periodic Table History. Having discovered the noble gas argon, extracted from air, William Ramsay and Morris William Travers of University College, London, were convinced this must be one of a new group of elements of the periodic table.
They decided others were likely to be hidden in the argon and by a process of liquefaction and evaporation they hoped it might leave behind a heavier component, and it did. It yielded krypton in the afternoon of 30 th May , and they were able to isolate about 25 cm 3 of the new gas. This they immediately tested in a spectrometer, and saw from its atomic spectrum that it was a new element.
Atomic data. Glossary Common oxidation states The oxidation state of an atom is a measure of the degree of oxidation of an atom. Oxidation states and isotopes. Glossary Data for this section been provided by the British Geological Survey. Relative supply risk An integrated supply risk index from 1 very low risk to 10 very high risk.
Recycling rate The percentage of a commodity which is recycled. Substitutability The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity.
Reserve distribution The percentage of the world reserves located in the country with the largest reserves. Political stability of top producer A percentile rank for the political stability of the top producing country, derived from World Bank governance indicators. Political stability of top reserve holder A percentile rank for the political stability of the country with the largest reserves, derived from World Bank governance indicators.
Supply risk. Relative supply risk Unknown Crustal abundance ppm 0. Young's modulus A measure of the stiffness of a substance. Shear modulus A measure of how difficult it is to deform a material. Bulk modulus A measure of how difficult it is to compress a substance. Vapour pressure A measure of the propensity of a substance to evaporate.
Pressure and temperature data — advanced. Listen to Krypton Podcast Transcript :. You're listening to Chemistry in its element brought to you by Chemistry World , the magazine of the Royal Society of Chemistry. Hello, this week Superman makes an appearance and we're not talking about the rather tacky s dance either, we're talking Krypton. Krypton is a fictional planet in the DC Comics universe, and the native world of the super-heroes Superman and, in some tellings, Supergirl, and Krypto the "super dog".
Krypton has been portrayed consistently as having been destroyed just after Superman's flight from the planet, with exact details of its destruction varying by time period, writers and franchise.
The story of its discovery, however, reveals a Victorian man of Science who, in his own way, qualifies as a superhero. Born in Glasgow in , William Ramsay was already established as one of the foremost chemists of his day when he took up his appointment at University College London in The chair to which he succeeded had been occupied by leaders of scientific progress and, almost immediately after entering on his new duties, he was elected as a Fellow of The Royal Society.
Great things were therefore believed of him, but nobody could have foreseen the discoveries which came so rapidly. Ramsay's colleagues of this period describe him as "charming, witty, and generous" - traits which no doubt made him an easy man with whom to collaborate. Lord Rayleigh, himself an eminent physicist, was therefore lucky in more ways than one that Ramsay responded to his letter to Nature in September In it, Lord Rayleigh had expressed puzzlement as to why atmospheric nitrogen was of greater density than nitrogen derived from chemical sources, and wondered if any chemist would like to turn his mind to this anomaly.
It does not appear that anyone except Professor Ramsay attempted to attack the question experimentally. Correspondence between the two men reveals the enthusiasm with which Ramsay set to the task and details painstaking and meticulous work first to isolate sufficient atmospheric nitrogen and then to test it, using fractional distillation, for impurities, - anything, basically, that wasn't nitrogen.
In this way, Ramsay wrote to Rayleigh : "We may discover a new element". In fact, they discovered Argon, and Ramsay went on to discover an entirely new class of gases. In , he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the discovery of argon, neon, xenon and, of course, krypton. Like its fellows, krypton is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, noble gas that occurs in trace amounts in the atmosphere.
Like the other noble gases, it too is useful in lighting and photography, and its high light output in plasmas allows it to play an important role in many high-powered lasers. Unlike its lighter fellows it is reactive enough to form chemical compounds: krypton fluoride being the main example, which has led to the development of the krypton flouride laser.
A laser of invisible light developed in the 's by the Los Alamos National Laboratory, which has found uses in fusion research and lithography. The heaviest stable krypton isotope, krypton 86, rose to prominence in the second half of the last century with a tad over one and a half million wavelengths of its orange-red spectral line being used as the official distance of a metre.
But the potential applications and practical uses of krypton are perhaps irrelevant in the story of its discovery. The point of Ramsay's work was not to put his knowledge to some utilitarian purpose - the point was to discover. Scientific endeavour is perhaps too often judged by whether or not its results are "useful". But discovery and knowledge are sometimes an end in themselves. The purist knows the joy of discovering that which was hitherto unknown.
Sir William Ramsay was a purist - a man with an insatiable appetite to better understand the world. He was a man open to new ideas, always endeavouring on his travels to learn local languages and customs and always alive to new experiences.
One anecdote, related by a travelling companion to Iceland, describes him standing on the site of a geyser with a small glass jar, capturing gases as they erupt from underfoot. The image is unmistakably one of a childlike fascination with nature, in a man whose dedication to research knew no limits. In his biography of Ramsay, Sir William Tilden describes him as a man "ever filled with that divine curiosity which impels the discoverer forward" who enjoyed the satisfaction of knowing that he was achieving something.
Indeed, in a memorial lecture, for his late friend Henri Moissan in , Ramsay quoted the following words:. To plough a new furrow; to have full scope to follow my own inclination; to see on all sides new subjects of study bursting upon me, that awakens a true joy which only those can experience who have themselves tasted the delights of research".
What's left, then, is the joy of finding what is hidden, a fact reflected in the very name of this element, Krypton, taken from "krypto", Greek for hidden. And nothing to do with a SuperDog. The hidden element that Lord Raleigh suspected might be there and William Ramsay actually uncovered. Thank you very much to Angelos Michaelides. He's based at University College London. Next week to one of those elements, the chemical symbol of which appears to bear absolutely no relationship to the name of the substance itself.
Many centuries ago mid-European tin smelters observed that when a certain mineral was present in the tin ore, their yield of tin was much reduced. They called this mineral 'wolfs foam' because, they said, it devoured the tin much like a wolf would devour a sheep!
And Katherine Holt will be telling us the tale behind tungsten's letter W on the periodic table in next week's Chemistry in its Element, hope you can join us. I'm Chris Smith, thank you for listening and goodbye. Chemistry in its element is brought to you by the Royal Society of Chemistry and produced by thenakedscientists. There's more information and other episodes of Chemistry in its element on our website at chemistryworld. Click here to view videos about Krypton. View videos about.
Help Text. Learn Chemistry : Your single route to hundreds of free-to-access chemistry teaching resources. We hope that you enjoy your visit to this Site. We welcome your feedback. Data W. The vibrational energy of the name Krypton echoes the Love level on the emotional vibration frequency chart.
The link to the color Orange seems to suggest that Krypton name holders are great explorers and are not afraid to take risks. When there is too little of the color Orange in someone's life, socialization may be discouraged by a low self-esteem. The lucky numbers associated with this name are 7, 10, 17, 25 and This name is more auspicious for a person whose birth year ends in 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8, according to numerology.
Monday, which suggests receptivity and emotionality, is the associated lucky day of the week for people with this name. Monday sets the tone for the week ahead and helps one clarify what they want to accomplish the coming days. The symbolism of March concentrates on firmness and knowledge. This is the ideal time to renew something in your lifestyle, no matter how insignificant it may seem. The March energy stimulates seeking for solutions to healing emotional problems.
The Carnelian is the auspicious gemstone for those named Krypton. This is a gem that instigates one towards calculated action to drive their wealth up. Carnelian has a stabilizing energy and is a stone of emotional comfort.
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